Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry
Matter and its classification, laws of chemical combination
medium • 1 min read
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass
medium • 2 min read
Percentage composition and empirical formula
medium • 3 min read
Chemical reactions and stoichiometry in calculations
medium • 4 min read
Concentration of solutions: Molarity, Molality and Normality
medium • 5 min read
Atomic Structure
Discovery of sub-atomic particles, Thomson and Rutherford models
medium • 1 min read
Bohr's model of hydrogen atom and its limitations
medium • 2 min read
Quantum mechanical model: Wave-particle duality
medium • 3 min read
Quantum numbers and shapes of atomic orbitals
medium • 4 min read
Rules for filling electrons in orbitals (Aufbau, Pauli, Hund)
medium • 5 min read
Modern periodic table and its features
medium • 1 min read
Electronic configuration of elements in periods and groups
medium • 2 min read
Periodic trends: Atomic and ionic radii
medium • 3 min read
Ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy
medium • 4 min read
Electronegativity and valence of elements
medium • 5 min read
Octet rule, ionic and covalent bonding
medium • 1 min read
VSEPR theory and shapes of simple molecules
medium • 2 min read
Valence bond theory: Hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3)
medium • 3 min read
Molecular orbital theory: Bonding and antibonding orbitals
medium • 4 min read
Dipole moment and hydrogen bonding
medium • 5 min read
Chemical Thermodynamics
System, surroundings and types of processes
medium • 1 min read
First law of thermodynamics: Internal energy and enthalpy
medium • 2 min read
Enthalpies of formation, combustion and solutions
medium • 3 min read
Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy and Gibbs free energy
medium • 4 min read
Spontaneity and equilibrium constant relation
medium • 5 min read
Chemical Equilibrium
Reversible reactions and law of mass action
medium • 1 min read
Le Chatelier's principle and its applications
medium • 2 min read
Ionic equilibrium: pH scale and buffer solutions
medium • 3 min read
Solubility product and common ion effect
medium • 4 min read
Acid-base theories (Arrhenius, Bronsted, Lewis)
medium • 5 min read
Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox couples
medium • 1 min read
Calculation of oxidation number and its rules
medium • 2 min read
Balancing redox reactions: Ion-electron and ox. number methods
medium • 3 min read
Electrochemical cells and electrode potential
medium • 4 min read
Standard hydrogen electrode and Nernst equation
medium • 5 min read
Solutions
Types of solutions and solubility of gases in liquids
medium • 1 min read
Raoult's law and ideal/non-ideal solutions
medium • 2 min read
Colligative properties: Boiling point elevation, freezing point depression
medium • 3 min read
Vapour pressure and relative lowering in solutions
medium • 4 min read
Osmotic pressure and determination of molecular mass
medium • 5 min read
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction: Factors affecting rate and order
medium • 1 min read
Integrated rate equations for zero and first order
medium • 2 min read
Half-life of a reaction and its calculation
medium • 3 min read
Arrhenius equation and activation energy
medium • 4 min read
Collision theory of chemical reactions
medium • 5 min read
Surface Chemistry
Adsorption: Physisorption and chemisorption
medium • 1 min read
Factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
medium • 2 min read
Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous
medium • 3 min read
Colloids: Classification, preparation and properties
medium • 4 min read
Emulsions and their applications
medium • 5 min read
P-Block Elements (Group 13 to 18)
General introduction and electronic configuration
medium • 1 min read
Boric acid, Borax and Diborane properties
medium • 2 min read
Allotropes of Carbon and Silicates/Silicones
medium • 3 min read
Ammonia, Nitric acid and Oxides of Nitrogen
medium • 4 min read
Sulfuric acid and Allotropes of Sulfur
medium • 5 min read
D and F Block Elements
General trends in d-block elements (Atomic radii, Ionization)
medium • 1 min read
Oxidation states and catalytic properties
medium • 2 min read
Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
medium • 3 min read
Lanthanoids and Actinoids: Electronic configuration
medium • 4 min read
Lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
medium • 5 min read
Coordination Compounds
Ligands, coordination number and oxidation state
medium • 1 min read
Werner's theory and IUPAC nomenclature
medium • 2 min read
Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory (Octahedral)
medium • 3 min read
Isomerism in coordination compounds: Structural and Stereoisomerism
medium • 4 min read
Importance and applications of coordination compounds
medium • 5 min read
Methods of purification: Distillation, Sublimation, Chromatography
medium • 1 min read
Qualitative analysis of Nitrogen, Sulfur and Halogens
medium • 2 min read
Quantitative analysis (C, H, N, S, P and Halogens)
medium • 3 min read
Estimation of molecular mass by various methods
medium • 4 min read
Empirical and molecular formula from analytical data
medium • 5 min read
Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
Tetravalency of Carbon and shapes of organic molecules
medium • 1 min read
Functional groups and homologous series
medium • 2 min read
Electronic displacements: Inductive, Electromeric, Resonance
medium • 3 min read
Hyperconjugation and its applications
medium • 4 min read
Reactive intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals
medium • 5 min read
Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Structural isomerism: Chain, Position, Functional
medium • 1 min read
Tautomerism and Metamerism
medium • 2 min read
Geometrical isomerism: Cis-Trans and E-Z nomenclature
medium • 3 min read
Optical isomerism: Chirality, Enantiomers, Diastereomers
medium • 4 min read
Stereoisomerism in cyclic compounds
medium • 5 min read
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes: Preparation, properties and conformations
medium • 1 min read
Alkenes: Stability, Markovnikov and Anti-Markovnikov addition
medium • 2 min read
Alkynes: Acidity and addition reactions
medium • 3 min read
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Benzene structure and acidity
medium • 4 min read
Electrophilic substitution: Nitration, Sulphonation, Alkylation
medium • 5 min read
Organic Compounds Containing Halogens
Classification and nomenclature of Haloalkanes/Haloarenes
medium • 1 min read
Nature of C-X bond and methods of preparation
medium • 2 min read
Nucleophilic substitution: SN1 and SN2 mechanisms
medium • 3 min read
Mechanism of electrophilic substitution in Haloarenes
medium • 4 min read
Environmental impact of polyhalogen compounds
medium • 5 min read
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary
medium • 1 min read
Acidic character of Alcohols and Phenols
medium • 2 min read
Reactions including dehydration and oxidation
medium • 3 min read
Preparation and properties of Ethers
medium • 4 min read
Kolbe's reaction and Reimer-Tiemann reaction
medium • 5 min read
Nucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl group
medium • 1 min read
Acidity of alpha-hydrogen, Aldol and Cannizzaro reactions
medium • 2 min read
Reduction and oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
medium • 3 min read
Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones: Fehling/Tollen
medium • 4 min read
Preparation and properties of Carboxylic acids
medium • 5 min read
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Amines: Classification and basicity
medium • 1 min read
Methods of preparation of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Amines
medium • 2 min read
Hoffmann Bromamide degradation and Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
medium • 3 min read
Diazonium salts: Preparation and synthetic applications
medium • 4 min read
Properties including carbylamine reaction
medium • 5 min read
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates: Classification (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides)
medium • 1 min read
Proteins: Amino acids, peptide bond, and structure
medium • 2 min read
Denaturation of proteins and enzymes
medium • 3 min read
Vitamins: Classification and their deficiency diseases
medium • 4 min read
Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of DNA and RNA
medium • 5 min read
Polymers and Environmental Chemistry
Classification of polymers and polymerisation methods
medium • 1 min read
Properties of Polyethene, Nylon, and Polyester
medium • 2 min read
Bakelite and Rubber: Natural and synthetic
medium • 3 min read
Environmental pollution: Air, Water, and Soil
medium • 4 min read
Global warming and greenhouse effect
medium • 5 min read
Titrimetric analysis: Oxalic acid vs KMnO4
medium • 1 min read
Detection of functional groups (Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, etc.)
medium • 2 min read
Preparation of inorganic compounds (Alum, More's salt)
medium • 3 min read
Tests for carbohydrates, fats and proteins
medium • 4 min read
Characteristic tests for inorganic radical ions
medium • 5 min read