Chemical mediators of inflammation are substances that initiate and sustain inflammatory responses in the body. They are produced by various cell types and are...
Chemical mediators of inflammation are substances that initiate and sustain inflammatory responses in the body. They are produced by various cell types and are released into the extracellular space, where they can bind to receptors on nearby cells. These bindings trigger a cascade of events that lead to the release of inflammatory mediators from the target cells.
Examples of chemical mediators of inflammation include:
Cytokines: Cytokines are proteins produced by immune cells that bind to receptors on target cells and trigger inflammatory responses. For example, in inflammation caused by an injury, cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are released by activated macrophages and neutrophils. These cytokines bind to receptors on neighboring cells, such as endothelial cells and epithelial cells, triggering the release of inflammatory mediators.
Inflammatory mediators: Inflammatory mediators are molecules such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins that are released by various cell types in response to injury or infection. These mediators cause vasodilation, increased permeability, and pain. They also recruit immune cells to the site of inflammation.
Growth factors: Growth factors are proteins that are produced by cells to promote cell growth, differentiation, and survival. However, they can also be released in response to inflammation and can promote the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation.
Oxidative stress mediators: Oxidative stress mediators, such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, are produced by inflammatory cells and can damage cells and tissues. They can also activate free radicals, which can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): PDGF is a growth factor that is produced by platelets and is released into the circulation in response to inflammation. PDGF binds to receptors on endothelial cells, promoting the formation of new blood vessels and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation