Chapter 1

Atomic Structure

Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, energy of levels

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Quantum numbers and shapes of atomic orbitals

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Electronic configuration of elements up to atomic number 36

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Wave-particle duality, de Broglie relation

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Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

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Chapter 2

Chemical Bonding

VSEPR theory and hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, d2sp3)

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Molecular orbital theory for homonuclear diatomic molecules

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Hydrogen bonding and its effects on physical properties

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Dipole moment and ionic character of covalent bonds

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Lattice enthalpy and Born-Haber cycle

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Chapter 3

Chemical Thermodynamics

First law: Internal energy, enthalpy, and work

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Hess's law and enthalpy of various processes

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Entropy and second law: Spontaneity criteria

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Gibbs free energy and its relationship with equilibrium

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Third law of thermodynamics and absolute entropy

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Chapter 4

Chemical Equilibrium

Law of mass action and equilibrium constant (Kc, Kp)

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Le Chatelier's principle: Effect of concentration, P, and T

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Ionic equilibrium: pH, buffer solutions, and solubility

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Salt hydrolysis and Henderson equation

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Common ion effect in qualitative analysis

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Chapter 5

Electrochemistry

Electrolysis and Faraday's laws

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Galvanic cells, EMF, and standard electrode potentials

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Nernst equation and its applications

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Conductivity, molar conductivity, and Kohlrausch's law

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Batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion processes

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Chapter 6

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of reaction and its dependence on T, P, and catalyst

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Order and molecularity of reactions

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Integrated rate expressions for zero and first order

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Collision theory and activation energy

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Arrhenius equation and k vs T plot

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Chapter 7

Solid State

Types of solids: Crystalline and amorphous

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Unit cells, Packing efficiency, and density

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Bragg's law and X-ray diffraction

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Point defects in crystals: Schottky and Frenkel

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Electrical and magnetic properties of solids

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Chapter 8

Solutions

Raoult's law and ideal/non-ideal solutions

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Colligative properties: Vp lowering, BP elevation

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FP depression and osmotic pressure

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Van't Hoff factor and degree of dissociation

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Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry's law

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Chapter 9

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir)

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Catalysis: Enzymes and heterogeneous catalysts

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Colloids: Preparation, properties (Tyndall, Brownian)

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Emulsions and gels: Types and applications

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Micelles and cleansing action of soaps

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Chapter 10

Inorganic Chemistry - Metallurgy

Principles of extraction of metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Al)

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Concentration of ores: Froth flotation and leaching

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Thermodynamic principles: Ellingham diagrams

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Electrolytic refining and zone refining

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Oxide and sulphide ore processing

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Chapter 11

S-Block Elements

General periodic trends of alkali and alkaline earth metals

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Preparation and properties of important compounds (NaOH, Na2CO3)

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Biological importance of Magnesium and Calcium

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Anomalous behavior of Lithium and Beryllium

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Solubility and thermal stability of sulphates/carbonates

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Chapter 12

P-Block Elements (Group 13 & 14)

Inert pair effect and general trends

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Boron and its compounds: Diborane, Boric acid

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Carbon allotropes, Silicates, and Silicones

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Oxides of Carbon and their properties

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Aluminum and its halides

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Chapter 13

P-Block Elements (Group 15 to 18)

Nitrogen and Phosphorus compounds: Ammonia, PH3

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Oxyacids of Phosphorus and Nitrogen

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Allotropes of Sulfur and Sulfuric acid

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Halogens and Interhalogen compounds

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Noble gases: Properties and compounds of Xenon

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Chapter 14

D and F Block Elements

Transition elements: Metallic character, Alloy formation

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Oxidation states and catalytic properties

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Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4

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Lanthanoid contraction and its consequences

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Comparison of Actinoids and Lanthanoids

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Chapter 15

Coordination Compounds

IUPAC nomenclature and Werner's theory

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Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory

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Isomerism: Structural and stereoisomerism

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Stability of coordination compounds and ligands

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Importance in biological systems and analysis

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Chapter 16

Organic Chemistry - Basic Principles

Inductive, electromeric, resonance and hyperconjugation effects

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IUPAC nomenclature of complex organic molecules

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Stability of reactive intermediates: Carbocations, Radicals

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Nucleophiles and electrophiles: Classification

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Acidic and basic strength are comparative studies

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Chapter 17

Purification and Characterization

Techniques like Chromatography and Distillation

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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements (Lassaigne)

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Empirical and molecular formula from percentages

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Spectroscopic tools in organic analysis (Introductory)

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Detection of functional groups

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Chapter 18

Hydrocarbons - I (Alkanes & Alkenes)

Conformations of ethane and butane

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Mechanism of electrophilic addition in alkenes

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Ozonolysis and oxidation reactions

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Markovnikov and Anti-Markovnikov addition

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Preparation and properties of Alkanes

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Chapter 19

Hydrocarbons - II (Alkynes & Aromatic)

Acidity of alkynes and addition reactions

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Structure of benzene and Huckel's rule for aromaticity

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Electrophilic substitution: Nitration and Alkylation

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Directive influence of functional groups

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Coal tar and petroleum as sources

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Chapter 20

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

SN1 and SN2 mechanisms of substitution

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Elimination reactions (E1, E2) and competition with substitution

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Nucleophilic substitution in Haloarenes: Benzyne mechanism

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Grignard reagent and its synthetic applications

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Stereochemical aspects of substitution

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Chapter 21

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Acidity of Phenols: Effect of substituents

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Reimer-Tiemman and Kolbe's reactions

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Dehydration of alcohols and Lucas test

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Preparation of Ethers: Williamson synthesis

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Cleavage of ethers by HI

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Chapter 22

Aldehydes and Ketones

Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group

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Aldol, Cannizzaro and Perkin reactions

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Reduction: Wolff-Kishner and Clemmensen

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Tollens' and Fehling's tests for identification

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Acidity of alpha-hydrogens

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Chapter 23

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Acidic strength of carboxylic acids

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Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction

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Preparation and hydrolysis of acid halides/anhydrides

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Esterification and saponification

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Nitrilies and their hydrolysis

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Chapter 24

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Basicity of Amines and effect of substituents

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Gabriel Phthalimide and Hoffmann Bromamide reactions

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Diazonium salts: Coupling and Sandmeyer reactions

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Identification of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary amines

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Nitro compounds: Preparation and reduction

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Chapter 25

Biomolecules

Glucose and Fructose: Structures and reactions

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Amino acids, Peptide bonds, and Proteins

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DNA and RNA: Bases and structure

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Vitamins and their biological roles

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Enzymes and their kinetics (Basic)

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Chapter 26

Polymers and Materials

Classification and mechanisms of polymerization

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Natural and synthetic rubber: Vulcanization

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Biodegradable polymers (PHBV, Nylon-2,6)

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Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics

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Bakelite, Teflon, and Polyester

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Chapter 27

Practical Organic Chemistry

Detection of Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Halogens

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Functional group tests and identification

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Preparation of acetanilide and iodoform

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Chemistry of silver mirror and Fehling's test

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Paper and column chromatography (Experimental)

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Chapter 28

Principles of Practical Inorganic Chemistry

Analysis of acidic and basic radicals

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Chemistry of borax bead and flame tests

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Preparation of Mohr's salt and Alum

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Titrimetry: Permanganometry and Iodometry

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Water hardness testing

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Chapter 29

Nuclear Chemistry

Radioactivity and law of decay

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Types of nuclear reactions (Alpha, Beta, Gamma)

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Nuclear binding energy and stability

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Nuclear fission and fusion principles

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Isotopes and their applications (C-14 dating)

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Chapter 30

Environmental Chemistry

Atmospheric pollution and smog formation

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Water pollution: BOD and COD parameters

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Ozone layer depletion and its effects

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Greenhouse effect and sustainable strategies

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Soil pollution and industrial waste

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Chapter 31

General Chemistry Topics

Units and measurements in chemistry

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Laws of chemical combination

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Mole concept and concentration terms

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Balancing redox and chemical equations

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Scientific notation and significant figures

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